<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small">Brent,<br><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small">This reasoner swaps automatically between back- and forward chaining during a run, and its rules are self documenting. <br><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small"> <a href="http://www.executable-english.com">www.executable-english.com</a><br><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small">Interesting for present purposes?<br><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small"> -- Adrian<br><br>Adrian Walker<br>Reengineering LLC <br>San Jose, CA, USA<br>860 830 2085<br><a href="http://www.executable-english.com">www.executable-english.com</a><br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Wed, Feb 15, 2017 at 4:21 PM, Brent Shambaugh <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:brent.shambaugh@gmail.com" target="_blank">brent.shambaugh@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div>On Wikipedia:<br><br>"A semantic reasoner, reasoning engine, rules engine, or simply a reasoner, is a piece of software able to infer logical consequences from a set of asserted facts or axioms. The notion of a semantic reasoner generalizes that of an inference engine, by providing a richer set of mechanisms to work with. The inference rules are commonly specified by means of an ontology language, and often a description logic language"<br><br>CWM, which is part of SWAP mentioned earlier, uses a forward chaining reasoner where someone specifies rules and then uses the --think or --rules option when running with cwm. (refer to cwm --help).<br><br>The link I provided earlier to swap, <a href="https://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/doc/Processing" target="_blank">https://www.w3.org/2000/10/<wbr>swap/doc/Processing</a> is a bit dated. If you'd like the latest stuff, go to <a href="https://github.com/linkeddata/swap" target="_blank">https://github.com/linkeddata/<wbr>swap</a> .<br><br></div>In a broader perspective, here is a list of resources compiled for the semantic web domain :<br><br>Indiana.edu Semantic Course:<br><br><a href="http://info.slis.indiana.edu/%7Edingying/Z636Fall2014.html" target="_blank">http://info.slis.indiana.edu/~<wbr>dingying/Z636Fall2014.html</a><br><br>University of Edinbergh Semantic Web Systems book<br><br><a href="https://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/teaching/courses/sws/" target="_blank">https://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/teach<wbr>ing/courses/sws/</a><br><br>University of Georgia Semantic Web Course<br><br><a href="http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/SemWebCourse_files/SemWebCourse.htm" target="_blank">http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/SemWeb<wbr>Course_files/SemWebCourse.htm</a><br><br>FAU Semantic Web Course<br><br><a href="http://semanticweb.fau.edu/" target="_blank">http://semanticweb.fau.edu/</a><br><br>Lehigh University Semantic Web Course<br><br><a href="http://www.cse.lehigh.edu/%7Eheflin/courses/sw-2013/" target="_blank">http://www.cse.lehigh.edu/~hef<wbr>lin/courses/sw-2013/</a><br><br>UNB Semantic Web Techniques Course<br><br><a href="https://www.cs.unb.ca/%7Eboley/cs6795swt/syllabus.html" target="_blank">https://www.cs.unb.ca/~boley/c<wbr>s6795swt/syllabus.html</a><br><br>Université Jean-Monnet Semantic Web Course<br><br><a href="http://www.emse.fr/%7Ezimmermann/Teaching/SemWeb/" target="_blank">http://www.emse.fr/~zimmermann<wbr>/Teaching/SemWeb/</a><br><br>Linked Data Tools.com Semantic Web Basics<br><br><a href="http://www.linkeddatatools.com/semantic-web-basics" target="_blank">http://www.linkeddatatools.com<wbr>/semantic-web-basics</a><br><br>University of Mannheim Semantic Web Technologies Course<br><br><a href="http://dws.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/en/teaching/courses-for-master-candidates/cs660semanticwebtechnologies/" target="_blank">http://dws.informatik.uni-mann<wbr>heim.de/en/teaching/courses-<wbr>for-master-candidates/cs660sem<wbr>anticwebtechnologies/</a><br><br>Finland Semantic Web and Ontology Engineering Course<br><br><a href="http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/vagan/itks544.html" target="_blank">http://www.cs.jyu.fi/ai/vagan/<wbr>itks544.html</a><br><br>TDT-44 Semantic Web Course<br><br><a href="https://www.ntnu.no/wiki/display/idiemner/TDT-44+Semantic+Web" target="_blank">https://www.ntnu.no/wiki/displ<wbr>ay/idiemner/TDT-44+Semantic+<wbr>Web</a><br><br>University of Rome -Knowledge Representation and Semantic Technologies<br><br><a href="http://www.dis.uniroma1.it/%7Erosati/krst/" target="_blank">http://www.dis.uniroma1.it/~ro<wbr>sati/krst/</a><br><br>University of Koblenz Semantic Web Course<br><br><a href="https://west.uni-koblenz.de/en/studium/lehrveranstaltungen/ss14/semantic-web/semantic-web" target="_blank">https://west.uni-koblenz.de/en<wbr>/studium/lehrveranstaltungen/<wbr>ss14/semantic-web/semantic-web<br></a><br>
Euclid Project<br>
<a href="http://euclid-project.eu/" target="_blank">http://euclid-project.eu/</a><br>
Dr. Harald Sack, Linked Data Engineering - OpenHPI<br>
<a href="https://open.hpi.de/courses/semanticweb2016" target="_blank">https://open.hpi.de/courses/<wbr>semanticweb2016</a><br>
Linked Data Book - Tom Heath, Christian Bizer<br>
<a href="http://linkeddatabook.com/editions/1.0/" target="_blank">http://linkeddatabook.com/<wbr>editions/1.0/</a><br>
What is Linked Data? - Manu Sporny<br>
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4x_xzT5eF5Q&t=108s" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?<wbr>v=4x_xzT5eF5Q&t=108s<br><br></a></div><div class="gmail_extra"><span class="gmail-"><br clear="all"><div><div class="gmail-m_-3584251898268172627gmail_signature">-Brent Shambaugh<br><br>GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/bshambaugh" target="_blank">https://github.com/bshambaugh</a><br>Website: <a href="http://bshambaugh.org/" target="_blank">http://bshambaugh.org/</a><br>LinkedIN: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/brent-shambaugh-9b91259" target="_blank">https://www.linkedin.com/in/<wbr>brent-shambaugh-9b91259</a><br>Skype: brent.shambaugh<br>Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/Brent_Shambaugh" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/Brent_<wbr>Shambaugh</a></div></div>
<br></span><div><div class="gmail-h5"><div class="gmail_quote">On Wed, Feb 15, 2017 at 11:53 AM, Brent Shambaugh <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:brent.shambaugh@gmail.com" target="_blank">brent.shambaugh@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Rules can be put into the file to infer new facts. There are inference<br>
engines and reasoning engines. I'm not sure what the difference is,<br>
but I think this link to swap might be getting close?<br>
<span class="gmail-m_-3584251898268172627im gmail-m_-3584251898268172627HOEnZb">-Brent Shambaugh<br>
<br>
GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/bshambaugh" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://github.com/bshambaugh</a><br>
Website: <a href="http://bshambaugh.org/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://bshambaugh.org/</a><br>
LinkedIN: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/brent-shambaugh-9b91259" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.linkedin.com/in/br<wbr>ent-shambaugh-9b91259</a><br>
Skype: brent.shambaugh<br>
Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/Brent_Shambaugh" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/Brent_Sham<wbr>baugh</a><br>
<br>
<br>
</span><div class="gmail-m_-3584251898268172627HOEnZb"><div class="gmail-m_-3584251898268172627h5">On Wed, Feb 15, 2017 at 11:50 AM, Brent Shambaugh<br>
<<a href="mailto:brent.shambaugh@gmail.com" target="_blank">brent.shambaugh@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br>
> Perhaps this is useful? I was looking a reasoning the other day:<br>
><br>
> <a href="https://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/doc/Processing" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.w3.org/2000/10/swa<wbr>p/doc/Processing</a><br>
><br>
> -Brent Shambaugh<br>
><br>
> GitHub: <a href="https://github.com/bshambaugh" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://github.com/bshambaugh</a><br>
> Website: <a href="http://bshambaugh.org/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://bshambaugh.org/</a><br>
> LinkedIN: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/brent-shambaugh-9b91259" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.linkedin.com/in/br<wbr>ent-shambaugh-9b91259</a><br>
> Skype: brent.shambaugh<br>
> Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/Brent_Shambaugh" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/Brent_Sham<wbr>baugh</a><br>
><br>
> On Wed, Feb 15, 2017 at 6:03 AM, Martynas Jusevičius <<a href="mailto:martynas@graphity.org" target="_blank">martynas@graphity.org</a>><br>
> wrote:<br>
>><br>
>> Sebastian,<br>
>><br>
>> nothing is inferred magically. However if you add explicit rules to<br>
>> your domain model, you can get both equivalence and ordering.<br>
>><br>
>> Have you looked at the RDF, RDFS, OWL, SPARQL specifications? Here are<br>
>> some pointers:<br>
>> <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/owl-primer/#Equality_and_Inequality_of_Individuals" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.w3.org/TR/owl-prim<wbr>er/#Equality_and_Inequality_<wbr>of_Individuals</a><br>
>> <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sche<wbr>ma/#ch_collectionvocab</a><br>
>><br>
>> On Wed, Feb 15, 2017 at 12:43 PM, Sebastian Samaruga <<a href="mailto:ssamarug@gmail.com" target="_blank">ssamarug@gmail.com</a>><br>
>> wrote:<br>
>> > OK. But sorry again for my lack of knowledge but does this mean that<br>
>> > 'semantic' inference of the kind of 'inferring' that:<br>
>> ><br>
>> > <a href="http://somedomain.net/people/John" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://somedomain.net/people/J<wbr>ohn</a><br>
>> > (is the same as)<br>
>> > <a href="http://anotherdomain.com/staff/Juan" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://anotherdomain.com/staff<wbr>/Juan</a><br>
>> ><br>
>> > is not possible without resorting in previous knowledge or dictionaries<br>
>> > or,<br>
>> > even worst, NLP over those URIs? Not even to mention 'inferring'<br>
>> > identity<br>
>> > between 'The capital of France' and 'Paris' or 100cm / 1meter.<br>
>> ><br>
>> > Another kind of inference that simply concatenating datasets just not<br>
>> > solve<br>
>> > is that of 'ordering':<br>
>> ><br>
>> > Joe takes his car out.<br>
>> > Joe washes his car.<br>
>> > Joe takes his car in.<br>
>> ><br>
>> > How if the statements comes in any order one could reason about the<br>
>> > correct<br>
>> > sequence. This will be indispensable for propositional like logic and<br>
>> > inference.<br>
>> ><br>
>> > Best,<br>
>> > Sebastián.<br>
>> ><br>
>> ><br>
>> ><br>
>> ><br>
>> > On Feb 14, 2017 4:20 PM, "Martynas Jusevičius" <<a href="mailto:martynas@graphity.org" target="_blank">martynas@graphity.org</a>><br>
>> > wrote:<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> Sebastian,<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> I think it is useful to think about the merge operation between<br>
>> >> datasets.<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> Here I mean a "physical" merge, where records with the same<br>
>> >> identifiers become augmented with more data, when multiple datasets<br>
>> >> are merged together. A "logical", or "semantic" merge, with vocabulary<br>
>> >> mappings etc., comes on top of that.<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> So if you take the relational or XML models, there is no generic way<br>
>> >> to do that. With RDF, there is: you simply concatenate the datasets,<br>
>> >> because they have a stable structure (triples) and built-in global<br>
>> >> identifiers (URIs).<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> That said, you should try approaching things from another end: start<br>
>> >> building a small but concrete solution and solve problems one by one,<br>
>> >> instead of overthinking/reinventing the top-down architecture. Until<br>
>> >> you do that, you will probably not get relevant advice on these<br>
>> >> mailing lists.<br>
>> >><br>
>> >> On Tue, Feb 14, 2017 at 6:21 PM, Sebastian Samaruga<br>
>> >> <<a href="mailto:ssamarug@gmail.com" target="_blank">ssamarug@gmail.com</a>><br>
>> >> wrote:<br>
>> >> > Sorry for me being so ignorant. But what could be called 'semantic'<br>
>> >> > (in<br>
>> >> > the<br>
>> >> > sense of 'meaning', I suppose) for the current frameworks, at least<br>
>> >> > the<br>
>> >> > couple I know, available for ontologies of some kind if they could<br>
>> >> > assert<br>
>> >> > between their instances which statements and resources are equivalent<br>
>> >> > (being<br>
>> >> > them in a different language/encoding or different 'contextual' terms<br>
>> >> > for<br>
>> >> > the same subjects for example).<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > Another important lack of 'semantics' is ordering (temporal or<br>
>> >> > whatsoever)<br>
>> >> > where a statement or resource should be treated at least in relation<br>
>> >> > to<br>
>> >> > their previous or following elements.<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > If my last posts where so blurry is because I try to address some of<br>
>> >> > this<br>
>> >> > issues, besides others, trying no to fall in the promise that<br>
>> >> > adhering<br>
>> >> > to<br>
>> >> > one format will free us all of any interoperability hassles. Remember<br>
>> >> > a<br>
>> >> > similar promise from XML: "All we have to do is share DTDs and<br>
>> >> > interoperate". I'll still trying to give the format a twist (RDF<br>
>> >> > Quads)<br>
>> >> > but<br>
>> >> > I'll publish a Google Document open for comments.<br>
>> >> ><br>
>> >> > Best,<br>
>> >> > Sebastián.<br>
>> >> ><br>
>><br>
><br>
</div></div></blockquote></div><br></div></div></div>
</blockquote></div><br></div></div>